Floating Exchange Rate Definition Free floating or Clean floating of a currency occurs when its exchange rates are left free to be determined by the market forces of demand for and supply of that currency in foreign exchange market with no floor or ceiling vis-à-vis the dollar, gold, SDRs, or any other currency. The government… Read More »
Control and Monitoring of Exchange Position As a matter of policy each bank establishes “limits” for various levels.in case a bank has more centers dealing in foreign exchange, the limit is allocated to each center. Such limits are periodically reviewed and revised.in the event of a special situation arising interim limits are approved for a… Read More »
Foreign Trade Risks Why is foreign exchange risk so important today? there are three broad reasons: i. The growth in international trade and financing. ii. The increased magnitude of exchange rate fluctuations. iii. The increasing visibility of the foreign exchange gains/loss items in corporate financial statement. The first two factors are the source of the… Read More »
The calculation of profit or loss on net foreign exchange position is carried out monthly through what is termed as month-end revaluations. A simple but effective method to calculate separately the profit or loss on the spot position and on the forward position currency is outlined below: ii. if the net position is overbought, the… Read More »
As a matter of policy each bank establishes “limits” for various levels.in case a bank has more centers dealing in foreign exchange, the limit is allocated to each center. Such limits are periodically reviewed and revised.in the event of a special situation arising interim limits are approved for a given transaction or a limited period.… Read More »
There may be situations wherein counter-parties to the underlying trading contracts may insist that importers or exporter provide guarantees of highly reliable third parties about the ability of the importers or exporters to complete the underlying contracts, and the event of failure of the importers or exporters to do so, pay compensation to the counter-parties.… Read More »
There are two basic types of options: Put Option and Call Option CALL OPTION: This option gives the buyer the right to purchase or “call away” a specified amount of the underlying foreign currency at a specified price up to a specified date. The price at which the foreign currency may be bought is the… Read More »
We have examined the two main methods of covering an exchange rate fluctuations risk i.e. The traditional forward exchange contract, and The currency futures contract. An option is an agreement between two parties. One party grants the other the right to buy or sell an instrument under certain conditions. The instruments may be a stock,… Read More »
Mechanics of buying and selling foreign currency future Foreign Exchange Futures: Let us assume that in January an importing firm requires Swiss Franc 125,000 in three-month time. It purchases a SF12500 future contract through a broker at the rate of SF1 = $0.6600. the contract’s current value would be ($0.66SF SF125000) U.S, $82500. It would… Read More »
These are the markets that were “derived” from other markets. The first financial future contracts were derived from the foreign exchange market. A financial future contract is a contract to deliver or take delivery of a financial instrument at a future date. In some cases where delivery is difficult, the contract may be settled by… Read More »
Forward contracts versus Future contracts Commodity brokers use forward and futures contracts for which reason? Points of difference between forward contracts and financial futures are as under: Forward contracts are available in any amount, small or large, whereas financial future contracts are in standard size. Forward contracts are meant for bonafide trade transactions whereas in… Read More »
What is Cross Rate? The exchange rate of major international currencies are quoted with reference to their base currencies e.g. in London with reference to Pound sterling and in New York with reference to US Dollars. At times for transactions between two currencies whose rates are not quoted, a third currency rate may have to… Read More »
Advance Payment Guarantee A contractor who is awarded a contract may ask for advance payment in order to start the project. The project sponsor will, for this purpose, require an Advance Payment guarantee to the effect that the contractor will perform his contract and if he fails, he will refund to the project sponsor the… Read More »
Shipping Guarantee The need for such a guarantee arises when the goods have arrived destination before document of the title to goods i.e. Bill of Landing, Air waybill etc. Therefor in order to take delivery of the goods, the importer approaches his bank to issue a bank guarantee in favor of the carrier of goods… Read More »
Mortgage Payments The process of a mortgage for a house has been a common practice throughout and it’s not all new to the markets. People have been purchasing houses based on the mortgage setup from the ancient times and some or the other way the entire procedure for this setup is also almost same as… Read More »